Tia portal blocks

Tia portal blocks. It is widely used to check if one and only one of two inputs are true. I can't figure out how to export/import function blocks with TIA Portal. · the functionality implemented through this block. The ‘ID=”0”’ part is an internal ID used by Openness. Posts: 22346. Mar 10, 2015 · Example Blocks for WinCC (TIA Portal) and STEP 7 (TIA Portal) But the sample blocks are available for different controllers in different engineering environment. Tags have the same adressing. Here you can find the DriveLib for the control of SINAMICS S/G converter systems with SIMATIC S7-300/400/1200/1500 in the TIA Portal. Joined: 12/4/2009. 0 releases are live!. Let's take a look at the OB1 object, an Organization block. These blocks are based on the base blocks. MOVE Instruction. Rating: (0) Using TIA v14sp1 myself. Last visit: 9/3/2024. To do this, the required steps, from calling the GRAPH Editor until testing the GRAPH sequence cascade, are shown. com In this chapter, you will get to know the basic elements of a control program – the organization blocks (OBs), functions (FCs), function blocks (FBs) and data blocks (DBs). This function block FC140, I got from SEW which uses the SFC14 and SFC 15. Expand the Language drop-down menu and select the SCL. The blocks of the library "LIoLinkProfile" are described in this document. Las variables locales se agregan en cada bloque FB o FC, y se distinguen por tener precedente a su nombre el signo “#”. because it doesn't make sense to search for the update interface FB to do update block call per each single network. Analog Input block making higher level control. Select the "Delete from device" check box. A good place to start will be to take the tutorial The Complete Practical Guide to Siemens Tia Portal Programming; TIA Portal – TIA Portal V16 is being used in this tutorial; An installation of PLCSIM Differences between Function and Function Block Jun 10, 2014 · It has to be something like a lock or something on my download (I think)because if I just create a brand new project they all go right underneath the Program Block folder (as you would expect). If the block is a library block, use a library with simulation support. They are negated blocks Mar 7, 2023 · Check Out the First of Our Siemens TIA Portal and S7-1200 Tutorials: Intro to Siemens S7-1200 PLC and TIA Portal Programming . This seems like a system generated block so I'm confused why it's not letting me compile. Rating: (0) Hey, I was wondering if there is a good way to transfer the data from a group of tags to a data block. Feb 4, 2021 · Joined: 7/7/2010. I hope this helps, Hamid Hosseini. Rating: (6) Thanks but when i try to open a new project when another is already open the program ask me to close the open one. Symptoms: "Rename" isn't available in the drop-down menus for the blocks and the name field is greyed out if entering options. All blocks in the library are available for SIMATIC S7-1200/1500 controllers and, in large part, Aug 15, 2018 · Tia Portal programı açıldıktan ve kullanılacak PLC modeli seçildikten sonra " Program Blocks " kısmından " Add New Block " seçeneği seçilir. It uses less memory space. Rating: (4184) SINAMICS Blocks DriveLib for the control in the TIA Portal. FB The ‘SW. The next two function blocks are also build using the basic blocks. When the Add new block window opens, select the Function tab and give the new block the name SCL Application. com is not an authorized distributor, affiliate, or representative for the brands we carry. Customer benefits Openness applications based on older versions of TIA Portal can run unchanged with the TIA Portal V16 environment. Static: The value of the static variables are persist even after the block is called, therefore only FB has it and the instance DB is used to persist the value. Rating: (2412) I have to open a block like OB1, then click inside the block. Feb 13, 2018 · (All safety blocks will be deleted)-Rebuild all on hardware and software (lot of errors will come up because of missing variables and because the implementation of safety in the hardware config, which isn't allowed after disabling safety)-Activate safety again on the CPU. -Copy paste missing safety blocks into the project from your archive. Blocks are identical. This way, the data is ready for the processor, that doesn't need to resort it. Posts: 453. This video is part of the free TIA Portal tutorial. Subscribed. More discussions later. This ID is only used to identify the different data within the XML file. 0) will be ON. 1) 1 6ES7822-1AE05-0YA5 With update 2 (\12\) Example files and projects The following list includes all files and projects that are used in this example. Rating: (2411) If you architect / design your project to enable downloading of a single block in a s7-1200 project, you could get away with it until you modify the interface of the block. This is why the setting is off by default. In addition, you will be introduced tolibrary-compatible function und function block programming. The MOVEInstruction is used to move the data from one address to another address directly or indirectly. Learn what kinds of blocks and functions are available in Siemens PLCs. Open that FC. There are the known programming languages such as LAD, FBD, STL, SCL or graph and blocks such as organization blocks (OBs), function blocks (FBs), functions (FCs) or data blocks (DBs). Network 2: If value in MW2 is not equal to 2, result 1 (Q0. 7K views 5 years ago TIA Portal tutorial. Posts: 33676. Jun 26, 2020 · I am looking an option to allow me to do Update Block Call for all FBs in the specific FC after updating interface for FB, like what we have in step-7 [ in File-Menu > check and Update Access ]. The configuration and parameter settings for the drives is realized as follows 1. Sep 7, 2017 · I think this is a setting problem or even communication problem in TIA-Portal because when I checked the function block of the motor 2, the communication_ok variable from the motor 2 is false (see attachment picture). Click "Yes". In the block property page "can be simulated with" is just an indicator to see if the block has the binary for simulation. For communications blocks, it's usually necessary. Through a joint collaboration with Siemens Industry, DMC documented the library and released it as an Open Source Library open for anyone to use and distribute. In this block, you can specify a time and write the logic of execution of time-delay interrupt. In the new project it should have OB1 and that FC. NAND, NOR etc. Oct 23, 2022 · Siemens TIA Portal V18 – OB1 & Organization Blocks. 2, 04/2020 Over 100 SCE learning/training modules for industrial automation for free download in up to 8 languages for classes or self-study. Rating: (0) Hi everyone, I'm starting to program TIA Portal I'm using a 1214c CPU S7 1200 and I would like to know how i can see DB or varibles unused and how i can delete it. Save that project. This sample program shows how to call the "PUT" and "GET" instructions in the user program of the S7-1200/S7-300 CPUs in order to transfer more than 160 bytes of data via an S7 connection. It is not Jul 13, 2021 · Posts: 6. zip This file includes the zipped project for STEP 7 Professional (TIA Portal). Select the "Delete" command from the shortcut menu. Blocks. The help system will refer to different sections of the help system because the behavior is different (at least with default block settings). I save the blocks that i want to transfer to a library folder and from thear iinsert them to the new project. 13, and 67. SIMATIC TIA Portal Openness: API for automation of engineering workflows System Manual Online documentation 05/2021 Online documentation Security note 1 What's new in TIA Portal Mar 13, 2017 · InOut: It is a kind of pointer, you pass data through the InOut pin to the block without really copying it. Table 2-3 Component Note 68202723_S7-1500_ModbusRTU_PROJ_v2d0d1_U. Jul 1, 2019 · SW. So i fegure out somthing else. Last visit: 3/15/2023. MrPLC. Feb 19, 2013 · Joined: 1/22/2013. E. The module explains the structure and creation of and access to global data blocks for the SIMATIC S7-1200. 1, 12/2017 7 ª S i e m e n s A G 2 0 1 7 A l l r i g h t s r e s e r v e d 3 Block description 3. 0. The core concern of the document is the description • of all the blocks belonging to the library • of the functionality implemented by these blocks May 19, 2018 · By enabling simulation mode, your KHP block protection may be a bit weaker. TIA Portal version 11 and 13 ABB_Drives_TIA_Global_Library _3xx_4xx_PLC_V1. For example, a valve , or a motor might need to be controlled to operate for a particular interval of time, switched ON after some time interval or after some delay. The know-how protected block cannot be compiled. Dec 7, 2018 · 12 - The TIA Portal - Block concept (English) PLC Programming. Siemens TIA Portal V16 software is used to develop the PLC program. Network 1: If value in MW0 is equal to 2, result 1 (Q0. Oct 28, 2019 · Why are there three different types of FB instances?Find out here!If this video helped you, please consider helping me by joining my "GoFundMe" and donating Posts: 50. Products sold by MrPLC. The programmable logic controller provides various types of blocks in which the user program and the related data can be stored. Therefore it is typically used to pass a complete DB or a structure into a block. com come with MrPLC. Demo Channel on Youtube. You can use the entire operation set in all blocks (FB, FC and Apr 4, 2012 · STEP 7 - TIA Portal v11: The red highlighted area in image "02_STEP 7 - TIA Portal v11 - 02" has the addresses. Jul 16, 2019 · Hello all,I am trying to simulate my project but I get the following error:'fbValve_Analog [FB111]' cannot be simulated. Posts: 9. Aug 23, 2016 · Joined: 12/4/2009. It is not blocks (OBs),functions (FCs), function blocks (FBs) and data blocks (DBs). In this article, we will talk about data block instances of different function block types in Siemens Tia Portal and when to use each type. available in TIA Portal V16 The Openness DLLs from V14 SP1, V15 and V15. Global library Totally Integrated Automation Portal (TIA Portal) gives you unrestricted access to the complete range of digitalized automation services, from digital planning to integrated engineering and transparent operation. Everything was OK, but the SCL Blocks cannot be editted and an errors appear as attachments. 4) Start-up interrupt (OB 100) With its user-friendly interface and readily available function blocks, TIA Portal simplifies the setup of PID controllers in industrial projects. Last visit: 8/27/2024. This has shown how to read data on a Modbus server into a Modbus client in TIA Portal. 15 - Siemens TIA Portal Software Units | Adding a new program block in the flocculation unit As we did before, the first block we’ll add is the main block. Apr 24, 2013 · Joined: 4/24/2013. From now on, when I need to add a new Pump/Motor to my system, it will be done with one network (Although, it is likely I would add a second network-as shown below- for motor interlocks as interlocks can be complex). (TIA Portal V15. Full Playlist: • TIA Portal Tutorial by Siemens 01 - The Nov 4, 2018 · 2. To add this block, click on Time interrupt delay to add Organisation block. 27. 0, 09/2018 2 G 8 d Legal information Use of application examples Sep 16, 2017 · Joined: 7/7/2010. SIMATIC STEP 7 (TIA Portal) can be used to configure, program, test, and diagnose the Basic, Advanced, and Distributed Controllers of all generations, whether PLC- or PC-based, including software controllers Oct 27, 2022 · ⚙️How To Configure Put / Get Communication. 987 on TIA Portal Modbus Data Block. Compiler blocks. As stated above, the following Sections explain the various PLC Move blocks. I find block (FC) for pumps, do detail comparison for this block. Writing data from the PLC to Modbus slave. Las variables temporales se encuentran disponibles en los bloques FC y en los FB. With the FBD language, engineers can build control logic by selecting and connecting function blocks, creating a cohesive and efficient control sequence. Mar 8, 2019 · What is Organization , Function Block , Function and Data Block ? Oct 12, 2021 · Now open a 2nd TIA Portal project (leaving the original project open), add a PLC of the same type as in the original project. Project library – Integrated in the project and managed using the project – Allows the reusability within the project 2. For example, if it calls 3 other FBs which may call another FC and need several DBs, all the FBs, FC, and DBs all get put into that single external source file. g. I think, the TIA version is not compa Legal information Diagnostics Overview for SIMATIC S7-1200 and S7-1500 Entry-ID: 109752283, V1. Changing that setting after a protection is set will not work. The configuration of the function blocks is performed in the TIA Portal as of V12 SP1. After enabling simulation, you have to enter the password in KHP blocks so they can be recompiled with simulation support. In previous courses we saw using SCL networks within FBD code. In this tutorial, we will explore the basic instructions available in the Siemens environment (defined by the IEC 61131-3 standard) by programming a simple box sorting machine in LADDER in TIA Portal Cookies are important for this site to function properly, to guarantee your safety, and to provide you with the best experience. I know the passwords and would like to know if anyone has a convenient way to remove the protection of all the blocks without having to right-click each The Function Block Diagram (FBD) language, part of Siemens' TIA Portal ecosystem, facilitates the creation of sophisticated control algorithms through graphical programming. new. En TIA Portal las variables Globales son aquellas que son direccionadas como entradas, salidas o memorias (E, Q, M). For telegram data from external devices, it is sometimes helpful to use non-optimized DBs. Last visit: 8/30/2024. DB’ to define a data block. And that's why TIA shows that blocks are different. Last visit: 8/2/2024. Part-1https://youtu. Last visit: 8/23/2024. 1 project and most of the blocks are know-how protected. · the FB45 function block for the use of RF200/300/600, MOBY D/U with a SIMATIC S7-1500 in STEP 7 V13. Drag that FC from original TIA Portal project to the new one. Thanks . Apr 28, 2021 · Note: You are free to use the programming language of choice which fits best to your needs. Currently I am using the MOVE function to individually move one tag at a time to the data block. What's the difference between using a Function Block and a Function in Siemens TIA Portal?Find out more about TIA Portal and other automation systems at http Hello,I have such a problem. New Openness functions can be expanded by exchanging the Feb 28, 2017 · Therefore it is important to set that check in the project property before protecting your block, if you want your KHP blocks to be simulated. In this tutorial, you will learn how to harness the power of FBD Jan 17, 2024 · Working with different MOVE Functions used in the Siemens TIA Portal. OB1 is the default object for management of the Jan 9, 2024 · Working with different MOVE Functions used in the Siemens TIA Portal. Dec 7, 2018 · Full Playlist: https://www. more. WIth S7 it's a simple copy and paste. 8 (Simulated) May 7, 2020 · Yes, there is. You will get to know theFunction Block Diagram (FBD) programming language and use it to program a function (FC1) and an organization block (OB1). Mar 6, 2018 · Joined: 7/7/2010. If you have no KHP blocks then a simple recompile is all you need (this will happen automatically for you). In many applications, there is a requirement to control time or signal flow. com sells used surplus products. 3 Block description ET 200SP Motorstarter Entry-ID: 109750305, V1. youtube. See full list on assets. Oct 24, 2017 · Joined: 7/7/2010. The OB1 main cyclic organization block in TIA Portal is responsible for cyclically executing your logic by the PLC. 1 Program structure To be able to integrate the functions of the application example into your project, the "109750305_ET200SPMS_Rd_Wr_LIB_V1. Does anyone have some ideas how to solve this? Apr 29, 2021 · Program blocks. Elsayed. In addition, you will be introduced to library-compatible function und function block programming. System blocks. 0, 11/2017 7 G 7 e d 1. data block, which are decisive for restarting after a power failure. It also shows the steps for creating a global data block in the TIA Portal and A basic understanding of function, function block and data block. Feb 28, 2017 · Therefore it is important to set that check in the project property before protecting your block, if you want your KHP blocks to be simulated. Preface Function Block Diagram (FBD) for S7-300 and S7-400 Programming 6 Reference Manual, 05/2010, A5E02790131-01 Technical Support You can reach the Technical Support for all Industry Automation and Drive Technology products Nov 14, 2014 · Posts: 21. In STEP 7 V16 (TIA Portal) you will find the above-mentioned instructions in the "Instructions" task card under "Communication > S7 Communication". The "Delete" dialog opens. • Profile blocks simplify communication with a device via a specific IO-Link profile. FGKTP_RG (FB32775) At least one called block is missing or was changed after know-how protection was set up. 6K subscribers. You have to add this block to OB1. In a previous tutorial, we investigated the process of designing a new project in Siemens’s TIA Portal, then connecting and downloading a simple program to the S7-1200 PLC platform, illustrating a few simple coil and contact commands. 2, 04/2020 In previous articles we started discussing different Organization blocks of TIA Portal PLCs, we talked about what OBs are, and we discussed some of the OBs like OB1- Main cyclic, OB10, and OB20 the time of day delay and time delay interrupts respectively. siemens. over several years. STEP 7 Safety. Mar 19, 2020 · Variables en TIA Portal. Sep 4, 2018 · MrPLC. Now compile / rebuild all. In the declaration, the data elements are assigned only a symbolic name and no fixed addre Apr 21, 2021 · This Pump will be Data Block “Well_Pump_1” and I will also create a “Well_Pump_2” data block instance. 3. 1 S7-1200 & S7-1500 Limitations The following limitations are valid for this guide: The drive must be equipped with PROFIBUS or PROFINET adapters PROFIBUS DP protocol: DP-V0 or DP-V1 Jan 29, 2023 · TIA Portal will automatically create the necessary pointers for you. com’s 1-year, 2-year, or 3-year warranty and do not come with the original manufacturer’s warranty. Does it still crash? Figure 1. Jan 20, 2019 · Joined: 12/18/2014. Understanding Organization Blocks in Tia Portal. 2. Oct 31, 2012 · Different PLC platform. Applies to This library is available for TIA Portal V16 and higher. Check if they suit your requirement (Hardware and software). Notice that the "Data". In a previous article, we discussed what is a function block FB, how it works in a PLC program, and how to create and use one. Furthermore, this documentation shows possible fields of application and helps you The instance data block is assigned directly to a function block FB, whether this function block is internally defined in the PLC like Timers and Counters or user-defined Function blocks FBs. Similar to the ANY data type, TIA Portal essentially creates a pointer to the data and passes that, but with a few extra elements: Start Address – The address that the data starts at Implementation of IEC timers (TON, TOF, TP &TONR) in S7-1200 PLC using TIA Portal. The standard block access uses Big-Endian while optimized access uses Little-Endian. 1) will be ON. 1 are also available in the TIA Portal V16 in addition to the new V16 DLL. 5K views 5 years ago PLC Programming. Rating: (2412) If your application requires the use of M-tags for certain features, you can set aside a small portion to retain their values between PLC power on-off-on cycles. The guide below is a simple example of setting up communication between two S7-1511 PLCs. Both of these PLCs are running TIA Portal V17 – Firmware V2. Last visit: 2/28/2022. Organizational blocks are closely linked to program execution cycles and interrupts, as their execution is linked to previously defined triggers, such as a time interval or hardware failure detection. The structure of an instance data block cannot be freely defined but is instead determined by the interface of the function block. Rating: (2410) I believe the answer strongly depends on the portal version / service pack / update level as well as the plc model number and firmware revision. In a similar fashion, we could use ‘SW. . Jun 21, 2017 · Siemens PLC Programming OBs in Siemens TIA Portal Blocks. Struct_1 has an address above it that is constructed as a pointer – P#DB3. Introduction. Suggestion; To thank ; Quote; Answer; This contribution was Oct 1, 2022 · Example Of A Single Block Accepting 2 Different Data Type Inputs Using Variants. zip” block library · the migration of an S7-300/400 RFID project based on FB45 to S7-1500 (TIA Portal). This is STILL an issue some times. Posts: 15125. 4. Function block (FB): Create function blocks To build the SCL program, double-click on the Add new block item under the Programs block folder in the left pane of the screen. 1 Creating a GRAPH block GRAPH blocks are created in precisely the same way that LADs / FUPs / SCLs / Sep 23, 2021 · I'm currently working on a TIA Portal v15. The Siemens Open Library was developed by DMC, Inc. The others are as follow: Organization Block (OB): The main programming block that incorporate networks and components that drive specific tasks. It gives you unrestricted access to the complete range of digitalized automation services, from digital planning to integrated engineering and transparent operation. In general, the programming of the SIMATIC controllers from S7-300/400 to S7-1500 has stayed the same. This type of interrupt must require a block start time delay interrupt. com/playlist?list=PLRtRKudOMmtESeAAeO6CeLYpYRjRz2jv401 - The TIA Portal - Introduction (English)02 - The TIA Portal - Devi Dec 28, 2021 · Simatic STEP 7 supports four program blocks, as shown below, you are familiar with one of them already, the Organization block (OB). Suggestion; To thank ; Quote; Answer With SIMATIC STEP 7 in TIA Portal you configure, program, test and diagnose all your SIMATIC controllers in an intuitive and efficient way. S7-1200/1500 PLCs have a different CPU architecture running the portal project than s7-300/400s. 2 Libraries and library elements in TIA Portal Figure 1-2: Libraries in TIA Portal 1 2 4 3 1. Jun 12, 2018 · And I see that offline and online project are different. The downside is you can't use absolute address for direct access, only symbolic. you must insert a new external source file than you can generate blocks from this source. In this case, Struct_1 is 5 bytes long, the area we’re trying to move it to though is only 3 bytes long. To write data from TIA to the Modbus server simply change the MB_MODE parameter to 1 on the MB_CLIENT block. Any advice would be greatly appreciated Using TIA Portal V. GRAPH in the TIA Portal. DBX0. This application example consists of the following components: Table 1-3 Components File name In this program, we have used Siemens S7-1200 PLC and TIA Portal Software for programming. Depending on the requirements of the process, the program can be structured in different blocks. Posts: 3. Jul 17, 2013 · To delete a block that exists online, follow these steps: In the "Program blocks" folder in the project tree, right-click on the block that you wish to delete from the device. The monitoring arrow becomes clickable. Guideline for library handling in TIA Portal Entry ID: 109747503, V1. No length is specified as it will be the length of Struct_1. Regardless of what you need to engineer innovative machines, you’ll find it in Totally Integrated Automation Portal (TIA Portal). Review F1-Help for ENO behavior in S7-300 and S7-1200. 1 S7 -300 & S7 400 ABB_Drives_TIA_Global_Library _12xx_15xx_PLC_V1. However, using the extended version of that options, you get everything required to make that FB work. be/TuJpcXvq00MPart-2How to check the analog input signal? Range is ok or notKeep wat In this video, we're going to show you a quick introduction to Data Blocks in Siemens TIA Portal and the benefit of using Data Blocks when collecting groups Although it can be built with two AND and one OR function block, the XOR block is also provided as a function block itself in Siemens TIA Portal, Codesys and many more. We have written the data 1123, 7893, 12. 1 -DVD: 6ES7822 -1AA05 0YA5 Download: 6ES7822-1AE05-0YA5 TIA Portal V16 - DVD: 6ES7822-1AA06-0YA5 Download: 6ES7822-1AE06-0YA5 - MQTT broker - - If you want to encrypt the communication, the MQTT broker must support SSL/TLS. Jan 17, 2019 · Joined: 5/12/2006. Rating: (3004) Herllo, in the source directory. Açılan sayfada " Function " kısmında fonksiyon bloğunun adı belirlenir ve OK butonuna tıklanır. Oct 9, 2022 · Data blocks with optimized access have no fixed defined structure. The first thing you will notice is that both data blocks are exactly the same, that is because as we said the default setting when creating a data block is that it will be optimized, so we need to change the setting of DB2 to make it a standard block, to see if something will change. Since it’s in a different namespace, we can give it the “Main” name without conflict with the coagulation unit’s main program. 36. In S7-1200 for having addresses in DB you have to choose Block Access as Standard, as shown in Image "02_STEP 7 - TIA Portal v11 - 01" Official TIA Portal V19 and WinCC OA v1. After making the change to the FB that changes the interface (requiring an "update block call"), there are several ways. Save again. Rating: (0) Hello, I'm looking for some help. program complex code in an SCL Block and interlocking section of Outputs in an FBD Block. 13 with a 1200 PLC and G120 Drive and KP400 Panel. However, Compile -> Software (rebuild all blocks) option from a right-click on the project tree's "program blocks" does it. This block library is compatible from TIA Portal SIMATIC STEP 7 Professional as of V14 SP1. This integration streamlines the entire process, from initial configuration to real-time monitoring, empowering engineers and operators to achieve precise control and optimal performance in their Jul 25, 2019 · TIA Portal supports generating these dependency not simply "copy code as text". To be more precise, i want to call a list of FCs or FBs, and numers of there blocks are to be determined during runtime. Suggestion; To blocks are based on the base blocks. In addition to the "PID_Compact" control block, STEP 7 (TIA Portal) also provides the following compact controllers with automatic tuning for the SIMATIC S7-1200/S7-1500: • Modulating controller "PID_3Step" for valves or actuators with integrating behavior (\10\) Sep 30, 2016 · The optimized block access rearranges the data inside the block. FB’ tells Openness that we are defining a function block. !!! TIA Portal V15. Posts: 15111. The Variant data type is a special data type that accepts almost anything. 1 Function block Easy_SINA_POS (FB38002) Easy_SINA_Pos Function block in TIA –Portal to control the SINAMICS basic positioner Entry-ID: 109747655, V1. Rating: (136) Dear friends, is there any plausible way - in TIA Portal V13 SCL - to perform dynamic function block call?. I uploaded the program from the PLC (Upload by TIA Step 7 Professional V13 SP1). In this chapter, you will become acquainted with the use of global data blocks for the SIMATIC S7-1200 with the TIA Portal programming tool. Online project's tags haven't symbol names (I know that for S7-300 it is a normal), but offline project's tags have. Jan 18, 2012 · In TIA Portal, s7-1200/1500 logic when written the way Siemens designed the hardware and software intended rarely requires the offset to be visible (using non-optimized datablock configurations). oruwuf ngxxpj zvqp dvg eoe hhbreiu nemj msbya cgmu jrbwds

Loopy Pro is coming now available | discuss